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Figure 4 | Frontiers in Zoology

Figure 4

From: On vision in birds: coordination of head-bobbing and gait stabilises vertical head position in quail

Figure 4

Vertical displacement of the head in experimental trials (HB), simulated trials without head-bobbing (no HB), simulated trials in which the timing of head-bobbing was inversed (inv. HB) as well as vertical displacement of trunk’s center of mass ( CoM t ). A: vaulting, B: bouncing. Boxes represent range between first and third quartiles (i.e. 50% of the data), the line within the box represents the median and the length of each whisker corresponds to the lowest datum within 1.5 IQR (interquartile range) of the lower and 1.5 IQR of the upper quartile, respectively; outliers (more than 1.5 IQR) depicted as open circles; n.s.: not significant; *: significant at the p = 0.05 level; ***: significant at p = 0.001 level; d: Cohen’s d (effect size).

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