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Table 5 Models of trait co-diversification fit to each trait alongside body mass or hindlimb length

From: Scale effects and morphological diversification in hindlimb segment mass proportions in neognath birds

  

Model λ

Model δ

 

Trait

N

λ

λ C. L.

L

Model C.L.

δ

δ C.L.

L

Model C.L.

R

Body mass scaling

     

Thigh mass

38

0.82

0.200, 1.000

19.63

-8.727, 2.935

3.00

1.606, 3.000

16.57

-5.071, 3.182

-6.12

Shank mass

38

0.80

0.091, 1.000

13.25

-9.149, 3.038

3.00

1.645, 3.000

9.98

-5.074, 2.586

-6.54

Pes mass

38

0.76

0.000, 1.000

6.44

-10.816, 2.840

3.00

1.598, 3.000

3.86

-4.755, 3.067

-5.16

Tars. mass

36

1.00

0.821, 1.000

-32.78

-0.932, 3.064

1.29

0.675, 3.000

-32.70

-3.670, 0.952

0.16

Digit mass

36

1.00

0.796, 1.000

-30.95

-0.618, 3.123

1.42

0.785, 3.000

-30.78

-3.514, 1.226

0.34

Hindlimb length scaling

     

Thigh mass

35

0.94

0.596, 1.000

-4.24

-2.489, 2.840

2.96

1.492, 3.000

-2.61

-4.072, 2.831

3.26

Shank mass

35

0.94

0.696, 1.000

4.99

-2.557, 3.085

2.72

1.507, 3.000

5.96

-4.242, 2.777

1.94

Pes mass

35

0.77

0.000, 1.000

7.96

-7.367, 2.382

3.00

1.539, 3.000

8.68

-4.146, 2.845

1.44

Tars. mass

33

1.00

0.732, 1.000

-32.42

-0.674, 2.939

1.56

0.821, 3.000

-32.16

-3.223, 0.855

0.52

Digit mass

33

1.00

0.762, 1.000

-30.84

-0.528, 2.984

1.72

0.883, 3.000

-30.45

-3.682, 1.341

0.78

  1. λ and δ C.L. denotes 95% confidence limits for estimates of these parameters, L denotes log likelihood values for each model, and Model C.L. denotes the 95% confidence limits of likelihood ratios used to test each model. R denotes the observed likelihood ratio that is used as a critical value to test each model via exclusion from likelihood ratio confidence limits.