Table 4 Six DOF kinematic data for the elements of the pectoral girdle during steady-state locomotion of C. didactylus.
Touch down (± s.d.) | Lift off (± s.d.) | Contact amplitude | Maximal amplitude | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1st thoracic vertebra | ||||
x-axis translation | 0 | -1.0 (± 2.1) | 1.0 | 3.2 |
y-axis translation | 0 | -0.9 (± 0.9) | 0.9 | 1.1 |
z-axis translation | 0 | 1.2 (± 1.7) | 1.2 | 4.3 |
x-axis rotation | -0.4 (± 3.5) | 1.0 (± 4.0) | 1.4 | 1.9 |
y-axis rotation | -4.6 (± 6.2) | 11.5 (± 5.7) | 16.2 | 20.5 |
z-axis rotation | -10.1 (± 4.0) | -9.8 (± 2.6) | 0.3 | 3.0 |
Scapula center of rotation/scapula | ||||
x-axis translation | 0 | -0.3 (± 0.2) | 0.3 | 0.5 |
y-axis translation | 0 | -0.7 (± 0.1) | 0.7 | 0.8 |
z-axis translation | 0 | 0.1 (± 0.3) | 0.1 | 0.4 |
x-axis rotation | -26.3 (± 8.1) | -18.6 (± 9.2) | 7.7 | 10.7 |
y-axis rotation | -13.5 (± 3.2) | -13.1 (± 5.0) | 0.4 | 7.6 |
z-axis rotation | 71.7 (± 12.9) | 39.3 (± 8.7) | 32.4 | 35.9 |
Shoulder joint/humerus | ||||
x-axis translation | 0 | 0.1 (± 0.1) | 0.1 | 0.2 |
y-axis translation | 0 | 0.0 (± 0.1) | 0.0 | 0.1 |
z-axis translation | 0 | 0.0 (± 0.1) | 0.0 | 0.0 |
x-axis rotation | 3.3 (± 7.2) | -20.3 (± 4.6) | 23.6 | 23.8 |
y-axis rotation | 2.9 (± 1.2) | -10.4 (± 6.2) | 13.3 | 18.7 |
z-axis rotation | -77.4 (± 11.4) | -117.1 (± 18.2) | 39.7 | 57.7 |
Sterno-clavicular joint/clavicle | ||||
x-axis translation | 0 | -0.3 (± 0.2) | 0.3 | 0.4 |
y-axis translation | 0 | 0.4 (± 0.2) | 0.4 | 0.4 |
z-axis translation | 0 | -0.4 ± (0.2) | 0.4 | 0.6 |
x-axis rotation | 83.8 (± 16.4) | 20.6 (± 21.1) | 63.2 | 68.2 |
y-axis rotation | -22.0 (± 2.4) | -9.0 (± 1.3) | 13.0 | 19.6 |
z-axis rotation | -43.7 (± 8.0) | -6.2 (± 7.7) | 37.5 | 43.3 |