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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of Asian elephants and humans (ever reproduced females)

From: Reproductive cessation and post-reproductive lifespan in Asian elephants and pre-industrial humans

 

n

Birth year

Mean afr ± S.D

Mean alr ± S.D

Mean fec ± S.D

Mean lifespan ± S.D

pr-lifespan ± S.D

Elephant females, all

1040

1900-1993

19.85 ± 5.68 (5.30, 46.36)

32.49 ± 10.61 (7.22, 64.9)

2.62 ± 1.76 (1.0, 11.0)

38.38 ± 11.58 (8.07, 79.64)

5.89 ± 6.97 (0.00, 38.74)

Dead

320

1900-1979

19.05 ± 7.05 (5.30, 46.36)

32.52 ± 10.69 (7.22, 59.83)

2.30 ± 1.53 (1.0, 10.0)

40.40 ± 12.89 (8.07, 79.64)

7.88 ± 7.06 (0.00, 38.74)

Alive

720

1920-1993

20.10 ± 5.16 (8.00, 46.34)

32.47 ± 10.58 (8.38, 64.92)

2.77 ± 1.84 (1.0, 11.0)

37.48 ± 10.83 (10.39, 79.09)

5.00 ± 6.75 (0.00, 33.19)

Lifespan > =40

457

1911-1970

20.78 ± 6.86 (8.28, 46.36)

40.35 ± 9.16 (13.07, 64.92)

3.26 ± 2.02 (1.0, 11.0)

48.83 ± 6.87 (40.03, 79.64)

8.48 ± 8.33 (0.00, 38.74)

Lifespan > =40 + dead

154

1911-1967

21.66 ± 9.36 (8.28, 46.36)

39.77 ± 8.52 (18.92, 59.83)

2.66 ± 1.73 (1.0, 10.0)

51.09 ± 7.86 (40.03, 79.64)

11.31 ± 7.84 (0.00, 38.74)

Captive born

471

1936-1993

19.85 ± 5.68 (5.30, 46.36)

29.88 ± 9.55 (7.22, 54.00)

2.95 ± 1.93 (1.0, 10.0)

35.02 ± 10.54 (8.07, 65.11)

5.14 ± 6.68 (0.00, 34.31)

Wild born

569

1900-1986

n/a

34.65 ± 10.96 (8.38, 64.92)

2.36 ± 1.56 (1.0, 11.0)

41.16 ± 11.67 (9.46, 79.64)

6.51 ± 7.15 (0.00, 38.74)

Human females, all

5336

1595-1849

26.22 ± 5.17 (15.00, 47.00)

37.66 ± 6.27 (16.00, 52.30)

5.20 ± 3.04 (1.0, 18.0)

60.07 ± 16.50 (17.86, 100.31)

22.42 ± 15.19 (0.00, 66.18)

Dead

4529

1665-1849

26.18 ± 5.17 (15.00, 47.00)

37.35 ± 6.30 (16.00, 52.30)

5.11 ± 3.02 (1.0, 18.0)

59.78 ± 17.28 (17.86, 100.31)

22.43 ± 15.65 (0.00, 66.18)

Censored

807

1595-1849

26.45 ± 5.17 (16.00, 46.20)

39.37 ± 5.81 (17.00, 50.00)

5.76 ± 3.14 (1.0, 17.0)

61.71 ± 11.07 (20.00, 94.00)

22.35 ± 12.28 (0.00, 66.01)

Lifespan > =42

4427

1595-1849

26.50 ± 5.32 (15.00, 47.00)

38.98 ± 5.53 (17.00, 52.30)

5.53 ± 3.05 (1.0, 18.0)

65.54 ± 12.08 (42.00, 100.31)

26.56 ± 13.24 (0.00, 66.18)

  1. Afr = age at first reproduction. Alr = age at last reproduction. Fec = number of births. Values of afr, alr, fec, lifespan (age at death or censoring) and pr-lifespan represent means with standard deviations (S.D.) and in brackets minimum and maximum values. Afr can only be calculated for captive-born elephants (sample size 38–471). Dead = individuals with known death date. Alive = individuals still alive (in elephants).