Envir. | CaCO3structure | Predominant form of mineral | Organic phase | Calcifying cells/tissue | α-CAs | Technique | Tissue localization | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PORIFERA (appearance in Ediacaran) | |||||||||
Hexactinellida | DS | Spicules | Silica, aragonite | nd | Sclerocytes | nd | - | - | |
Demospongia | M, FW | "Spongine", silicatein, silintaphin-1, chitin | ✓ | RT-PCR & EST lib. | Adult whole organism, embryos | [7] | |||
Calcarea | M | Calcite, aragonite | nd | ✓ | EST lib. | Adult whole organism | [45] | ||
CNIDARIA (appearance in Ediacaran) | |||||||||
Octocorallia | M | Sclerites, spicules, skeleton | High-Mg calcite | Glycoproteins, lipids, polysaccharides… | Calicoblastic cells | ✓ | biochemistry, RT-PCR, EST lib. | Spicules, tentacules, polyps, larva, embryos | [50] |
Hexacorallia | Hard skeleton | Aragonite | Glycoproteins, lipids, polysaccharides… | ✓ | EST lib., RT-PCR, genome | Calicoblastic cells | |||
Hydrozoa | M, FW | Granules, skeleton | Aragonite | nd | - | EST lib., genome | Polyps | [54] | |
BRACHIOPODA (appearance in Cambrian) | |||||||||
Craniiformea | M | Shell | Low-Mg calcite | nd | Mantle cells | nd | - | - | |
Linguliformea | Ca3(PO4)2 | nd | nd | - | - | ||||
Rynchonelliformea | Low-Mg calcite | Glycoproteins + polysaccharides… | nd | - | - | ||||
MOLLUSCA (appearance in Cambrian) | |||||||||
Solenogastra & Caudofoveata | M | Spicules | Calcite, aragonite | nd | Mantle cells | nd | - | - | |
Polyplachophora | nd | - | - | ||||||
Bivalvia | M, FW | Shell & granules | Periostracum/OM | ✓ | RT-PCR, EST lib. | Mantle, gills, adductor muscles, larva | |||
Gastropoda | M, FW, T | ✓ | RT-PCR, EST lib., genomes | Mantle, nervous system, whole body | |||||
Cephalopoda | M | Internal shell | Nautilin 63 | ✓ | - | - | |||
ANNELIDA (appearance in Cambrian) | |||||||||
Pogonophora | M | Tube & soft granules | Calcite, aragonite | Mucopoly-saccharides | Epidermal glands | ✓ | RT-PCR | Branchial plume | [57] |
ARTHROPODA (appearance in Cambrian) | |||||||||
Hexapoda | A, T | Exoskeleton | Calcite | Chitin, proteinaceous organic matrix | Cuticle epidermis | ✓ | RT-PCR, EST lib., genomes | Whole organism | [54] |
Pancrustacea | A, M, FW, T | Exoskeleton, gastrolithes, sternal plates, caecal concretions | Calcite, vaterite, amorphous CaCO3 | Cuticle epidermis, stomacal disc | ✓ | RT-PCR, EST lib. | Larvae, oocytes, gills, epidotes, brain, antennal glands… | ||
ECHINODERMATA (appearance in Cambrian) | |||||||||
Echinoidea | M | Test, teeth, spicules, spines | High-Mg calcite | OM | Syncitium/ "fenestrated" mineral | ✓ | EST lib., genomes | Pluteus ams, calcifying organic matrix | |
Crinoidea | Articulated ossicules | nd | nd | nd | nd | - | - | ||
Ophiuroidea | nd | nd | nd | nd | - | - | |||
Asteroidea | Spicules | nd | nd | nd | ✓ | Biochemistry | - | [62] | |
Holothuridea | Tiny spicules or ossicules | nd | nd | nd | nd | - | - | ||
UROCHORDATA (appearance in Cambrian) | |||||||||
Ascidiacea | M | Spicules | Calcite | OM | Sclerocytes | ✓ | EST lib. | nd | [54] |
Appendicularia | nd | nd | nd | nd | ✓ | Genome | nd | [63] | |
VERTEBRATA (appearance in Silurian) | |||||||||
Actinopterygii | M, FW | Otoliths | Aragonite, vaterite | Endolymphatic constituants | Sacculus | ✓ | RT-PCR | Retina, kidney, erythrocytes, gills… | |
Aves | T | Eggshell | Calcite | Uterine fluid | Distal oviduct | ✓ | Genome | Testis, retina… | [54] |