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Figure 2 | Frontiers in Zoology

Figure 2

From: The nervous system of Paludicella articulata - first evidence of a neuroepithelium in a ctenostome ectoproct

Figure 2

Adult Paludicella articulata . Maximum projections of confocal image stacks. Fluorescence staining with antibodies against acetylated α-tubulin (red) and in part staining of nucleic acids by DAPI (blue). a) overlay of acetylated α-tubulin and DAPI signal for an overview of the nervous system. b) overview of the central nervous system with focus on the tentacle innervation; volume rendering based on confocal image stack. c) Detail of the tentacle innervation by 3 different nerve types; medio-frontal tentacle nerves arise directly from the cerebral ganglion; the abfrontal and the paired latero-frontal tentacle nerves emerge from a intertentacular origin (intertentacular fork and abfrontal nerve origin); volume rendering based on confocal image stack. d) Overview of the acetylated α-tubulin-immunoreactive elements of the central nervous system and from the nerve strands that emerge from the cerebral ganglion. e) Detailed view of all nerves that arise from the cerebral ganglion: visceral nerves, tentacle sheath nerves, and tentacle innervation. f) Oblique view of the visceral nerves and tentacle sheath nerves; volume rendering based on confocal image stack. Abbreviations: ano, abfrontal nerve origin; afn, abfrontal nerve; c, cystid; ca, cardia; cae, cecum; cb, ciliary bundle; cg, cerebral ganglion; cor, circum-oral nerve ring; cpp, circum-pharyngeal plexus; es, esophagus; if, intertentacular forks; int, intestine; l, lophophore; lb, lophophore base; ln, latero visceral nerve; lfn, latero-frontal nerve; mfn, medio-frontal nerve; mln, medio-lateral visceral nerve; mn, medio visceral nerve; mo, mouth opening; ph, pharynx; tnf, area of tentacle nerve forks; ts, tentacle sheath; tsn, tentacle sheath nerve; asterisks, abanal closing of the circum-oral nerve ring via fine neurites.

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