Figure 3

Association between dominants’ tendency to launch attacks directly and their subordinate opponents’ aggressiveness. The proportion of dominants that launched attacks directly in Contest 2 when fighting with the subordinate opponents that exhibited different levels of aggression. ‘None’ – subordinate did not display at or attack the dominant (N = 112), ‘Displaying’ – the most aggressive behavior exhibited was opercular display (N = 43), ‘Attacking’ – the most aggressive behavior exhibited was an attack (N = 85). Bars labeled with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 (contrast analyses).