Figure 5

Post-retreat attacks that victorious dominants delivered to subordinates after Contest 2. The number of post-retreat attacks (square root transformed) that the victorious dominants (N = 215) delivered to the subordinates that exhibited different levels of aggression toward them after Contest 2: ‘None’ – subordinate did not display at or attack the dominant (N = 112), ‘Displaying’ – the most aggressive behavior exhibited was opercular display (N = 41), ‘Attacking’ – the most aggressive behavior exhibited was an attack (N = 62). Values presented are the residuals (mean ± SE) from a multiple regression model of the influence of opponent type and experience on the number of post-retreat attacks, controlling for body size and lineage. Means labeled with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 (Tukey multiple comparisons).