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Table 1 Response of egg size (1), clutch size (2), minimum age (3), maximum age (4), average age (5), lifetime activity (6), and adult body length (7) to length of the growth season for 17 Bufo andrewsi populations along a geographical gradient as revealed by by General Linear Mixed Models (GLMM)

From: Geographic variation in life-history traits: growth season affects age structure, egg size and clutch size in Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi)

Source of variation

 

Random

Fixed

 
 

Var

SE

Z

df

F

1. Egg size

 Population

0.025

0.021

0.182

  

 Residual

0.063

0.006

9.759***

  

 Latitude

   

1,3.840

0.792

 Altitude

   

1,3.798

0.754

 Growth season

   

1,3.852

4.474**

 Female SVL

   

1,86.430

0.361

2. Clutch size

 Population

417874

259283

1.612

  

 Residual

288799

29476

9.795***

  

 Latitude

   

1,7.769

1.458

 Altitude

   

1,5.739

0.485

 Growth season

   

1,5.766

4.046*

 Female SVL

   

1,190.801

112.855***

 Egg size

   

1,195.712

6.772**

3. Minimum age

 Population

0.157

0.069

2.281*

  

 Residual

0.108

0.011

10.161***

  

 Latitude

   

1,12.954

2.635

 Altitude

   

1,12.856

0.472

 Growth season

   

1,12.796

3.468*

 Sex

   

1,209.987

594.338***

4. Maximum age

 Population

4.353

1.768

2.468*

  

 Residual

0.435

0.085

5.144***

  

 Latitude

   

1,12.908

0.050

 Altitude

   

1,12.895

0.730

 Growth season

   

1,12.908

6.678*

 Sex

   

1.53.275

23.967***

5. Age

 Population

0.945

0.392

2.241*

  

 Residual

3.089

0.103

30.051***

  

 Latitude

   

1,13.779

0.017

 Altitude

   

1,13.835

0.352

 Growth season

   

1,13.692

3.271*

 Sex

   

1,1809.958

184.034***

6. Lifetime activity

 Population

4461

8207

0.524

  

 Residual

137443

4334

27.668***

  

 Latitude

   

1,14.259

0.103

 Altitude

   

1,14.355

0.512

 Growth season

   

1,14.337

0.004

 Sex

   

1,1811.874

176.573***

7. Body size

 Population

45.637

18.133

2.517*

  

 Residual

30.920

1.029

30.042***

  

 Latitude

   

1,13.177

0.370

 Altitude

   

1,13.187

0.068

 Growth season

   

1,13.157

0.479

 Sex

   

1,1806.435

3035.206***

 Age

   

1,1810.021

189.421***

  1. Note: * means significant level. *** P < 0.001; **P < 0.01,*P < 0.05