Fig. 1

Camera trapping study area in Arezzo province (Italy), where wolf density was estimated in 2014 and 2015. Approximate locations of the 13 detected packs were reconstructed by the video-captures of focal animals at distinct trap sites during the study sessions. The large dotted area is the habitat suitable to wolves and is formed by dots representing potential wolf pack activity centres (spaced 666 m and buffering the trap array by a 15-km radius). Unsuitable habitats for wolf were excluded from calculations and are shown in white