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Fig. 5 | Frontiers in Zoology

Fig. 5

From: Neurogenesis of the scallop Azumapecten farreri: from the first larval sensory neurons to the definitive nervous system of juveniles

Fig. 5

FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity (FMRFamide-lir) and acetylated α-tubulin staining and DAPI in the stages of the larvae of Azumapecten farreri. Green—FMRFamide, magenta—acetylated α-tubulin immunoreactivity (a–d) or white (a1–d1); white—nuclei, DAPI (a2, a3, b2, b3, c2–c4, d3, d4). The apical pole is always upward, and the ventral side is on the right. a) FMRFamide-lir components in the 48-hpf early veliger stage with apical organ (AO), dorsal neurons (dn) and neurites extends to the ventral part of the larvae (arrows). Inserts: a1 Two paired cells of the apical organ (AO). a2 Dorsal neurons (dn) with cilia (arrowhead) and extended to ventral side of the larvae FMRFamide-lir neurites (arrow). b The larva of the middle veliger stage on 72 hpf, dorsal neurons and the nerve cord extends from AO to the ventral side of the larvae–visceral nerve cord (vnc). Inserts: b1 Number of cells in AO increased to eight (asterisks) and two paired dorsal neurons (asterisks, dn). b2 The connection of the visceral nerve cord and nerve cord extending from the dorsal neurons on the ventral side of the larva with appeared FMRFamide-lir ventral neurons (vn). b3 FMRFamide-lir neurites (arrow) in the ventral part of the larva and neurons of enteric innervation (asterisks). c Larvae at the veliger stage (7 dpf) demonstrate the presence of FMRFamide-lir elements in the CG, visceral ganglion (VG), pleural neurons (pln), dorsal neurons (dn) and enteric nervous system (ens). Inserts: c1 Net of neurites (arrow) between dorsal neurons (asterisks), CG (asterisks). c2, c3 Paired visceral nerve cords (vnc) connecting CG and pleural neurons (pln), which connect neurites (arrow) with VG and follows enteric innervation (arrows, asterisks, ens). d The 25-dpf pediveliger stage with the CG, paired visceral cords (vnc), pedal (PG), and visceral ganglia (VG) located along the visceraneural cord. Inserts: d1 Dorsal neurons (asterisks, dn) with cilia (arrowhead), neurites (arrow) and cerebral ganglion CG. d2 Visceral nerve cord (vnc) on the ventral side of the larva connected with pleural ganglion (PlG) and visceral ganglion (VG). d3 FMFRa-lir neuron of the gut (asterisks, ens). Additional abbreviations: a—anus, m—mouth, st—stomach v—velum. The orientation a—anterior, d—dorsal, p—posterior, v—ventral. Scale bars = 20 μm

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