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Table 1 Model results for scolding duration

From: Social dynamics impact scolding behaviour in captive groups of common ravens (Corvus corax)

Explanatory variables

Estimate (95% CI)

SE

z value

p value

 

(Intercept)

− 2.50 (− 3.04; − 1.96)

0.27

− 9.1

< 0.001

***

Presentation-type separation

0.94 (0.10; 1.78)

0.43

2.2

0.03

*

Top-ranked yes

1.94 (1.31; 2.57)

0.32

6.04

< 0.001

***

Sex male

0.11 (− 0.36; 0.58)

0.24

0.47

0.64

 

Days since training

− 0.29 (− 0.55; − 0.03)

0.13

− 2.19

0.03

*

Presentation-type separation: Top-ranked yes

− 0.84 (− 2.33; 0.65)

0.76

− 1.1

0.27

 
  1. Significance codes:. < 0.1; *< 0.05; **< 0.01; ***< 0.001", where "." corresponds to values smaller than 0.1; "*" to values smaller than 0.05
  2. Reference categories are “group” for “Presentation-type”, “no” for “Top-ranked”, and “female” for “Sex”. N(observations) = 105, N(subjects) = 15. Significance codes:. < 0.1; *< 0.05; **< 0.01; ***< 0.001. Post-hoc testing on the interaction showed top ranked individuals scolded longer in the group (E = − 1.94, SE = 0.32, p < 0.001) but not in separation (E = − 1.10, SE = 0.70, p = 0.40)