Fig. 3

a Temporal overlap between the wolf and mesocarnivores estimated through nonparametric coefficient of overlap (∆4), at the seasonal scale (2017–2021). Error bars indicate bootstrapped 0.95 confidence intervals obtained through 1000 replicates. Dark blue: wolf; light green: red fox; light blue: badger; dark green: stone/pine marten. b Monthly spatial variation of detection rates (i.e., number of detections per site per day) of mesocarnivores, in 2017–2021): red fox in relation to wolf and badger detection rates; badger in relation to red fox detection rate; stone/pine marten in relation to red fox detection rate. Blue lines indicated fitted relationships estimated through generalised linear mixed models with negative binomial errors. Grey areas indicate 0.95 confidence intervals of fitted relationships